Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.[1] Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea. With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS.[1][2] It is taken by mouth.[1]
Common side effects include nausea, changes in taste, and rash. Rarely it may result in blood problems such as not enough platelets or white blood cells. May cause sun sensitivity.[1] There is evidence of potential harm during pregnancy in some animals but not humans.[3] It works by blocking folate metabolism via dihydrofolate reductase in some bacteria which results in their death.[1]
Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[5] It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[6] In the United States 10 days of treatment is about 21 USD.[1]
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[hide]Medical uses[edit]
It is primarily used in the treatment of urinary tract infections, although it may be used against any susceptible aerobic bacterial species.[7] It may also be used to treat and prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.[7] It is generally not recommended for the treatment of anaerobic infections such as Clostridium difficile colitis (the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea).[7]Resistance to trimethoprim is increasing, but it is still a first line antibiotic in many countries.[8]
Spectrum of susceptibility[edit]
Cultures and susceptibility tests should be done to make sure bacteria is treated by trimethoprim.[9][10]- Escherichia coli
- Proteus mirabilis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Enterobacter species
- Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
Side effects[edit]
Common[edit]
Rare[edit]
- Can cause thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets) by lowering folic acid levels; this may also cause megaloblastic anemia.[13]
- Trimethoprim antagonizes the epithelial sodium channel in the distal tubule, thus acting like amiloride. This can cause increased potassium levels in the body (hyperkalemia).[14]
- Can compete with creatinine for secretion into the renal tubule. This can cause an artificial rise in the serum creatinine.[15]
- Use in EHEC infections may lead to an increase in expression of Shiga toxin.[16]
Contraindications[edit]
- Known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim
- History of megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency[17]
Liver and kidney problems[edit]
10-20% of trimethoprim is metabolized by the liver and the rest is excreted in the urine. Therefore, trimethoprim should be used with caution in individuals with kidney and liver impairments. Dosage adjustment is not needed for liver impairment but should be adjusted for kidney impairment.[18]Pregnancy[edit]
Based on studies that show that trimethoprim crosses the placenta and can affect folate metabolism, there has been growing evidence of the risk of structural birth defects associated with trimethoprim, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy.[19] It may be involved in a reaction similar to disulfiram when alcohol is consumed after it is used, in particular when used in combination with sulfamethoxazole.[20][21] The trophoblasts in the early fetus are sensitive to changes in the folate cycle. A recent study has found a doubling in the risk of miscarriage in women exposed to trimethoprim in the early pregnancy.[22]Mechanism of action[edit]
Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway
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